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Paracuellos massacres
The Paracuellos massacres ((スペイン語:Matanzas de Paracuellos)) were a series of mass killings of civilians and soldiers by the Republicans. It took place before and during the Battle for Madrid during the early stages of the Spanish Civil War. The death toll remains the subject of debate and controversy.
==Background==
Thousands of political prisoners and military personnel had been incarcerated in Madrid since before the start of the war in July 1936 (around 5,000).〔Julía, Santos; Casanova, Julían; Solé i Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; and Moreno, Francisco. (2006). ''Víctimas de la guerra civil.'' Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Madrid.p.134〕 Many of them had been captured during the failed rising of the Montana barracks in western Madrid. These prisoners came under the control of the newly created (Committee for the Defence of Madrid). This was an emergency committee left in charge of the city on November 7, after the Republican government led by Francisco Largo Caballero evacuated Madrid for its new (temporary) capital in Valencia.
A large percentage of these prisoners were taken out of prison in so-called (extractions), 33 in total, between November 7 and December 4, as the Nationalists launched their assault on the Madrid. The Republicans feared the presence of so many potentially hostile prisoners in their rear during the battle. These extractions were ordered in writing by the Republican authorities in Madrid, often in documents signed by Segundo Serrano Poncela, deputy for Public Order working directly under the supervision of the young Communist politician Santiago Carrillo.〔Thomas, Hugh. (2001). ''The Spanish Civil War.'' Penguin Books. London. p. 463〕 However, the responsibility of Carrillo in the massacre is much debated.
According to the historian Javier Cervera, the ''sacas'' carried out to move prisoners to other locations didn't result in executions, and these prisoners were re-located further away from the front, to Alcalá de Henares.〔CERVERA, Javier. Madrid en guerra. La ciudad clandestina, 1936-1939. Madrid, 2006. Alianza Editorial. ISBN 84-206-4731-4〕 At Paracuellos, however, a massacre resulted. According to British historian, Antony Beevor, the order to kill the prisoners most likely came from the Spanish Communist José Cazorla, or, more indirectly, from the Soviet advisor Mikhail Koltsov.〔Antony Beevor, The Spanish Civil War (1999), p 133〕
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